Story of Maths:4- To Infinity and Beyond

THE STORY OF MATHS
Part. 4(final)
TO INFINITY AND BEYOND

http://www.open2.net/storyofmaths/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Maths

http://stagevu.com/video/zmrlfsazwacq
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1926910/


EXCERPTS:

TO INFINITY AND BEYOND


GEORG CANTOR
"Before Cantor no one really knew infinity."

"Indeed, there wasn't just one infinity,
but infinitely many infinities."


"Surely the infinity of fractions is much bigger
than the infinity of whole numbers."


Continuum Hypothesis



HENRI POINCARE

"The orbits Poincare had discovered indirectly
led to what we now know as chaos theory."

"Understanding the mathematical rules of chaos explain
why a butterfly's wings could create tiny changes in the atmosphere
that ultimately might cause a tornado or a hurricane to appear
on the other side of the world.


LEONHARD EULER

7 bridges Konigsberg.
Today the city is knowns as Kalingingrad, Russia, surrounded by Poland and Lithuania.


Topology
"Some people refer to topology as Bendy Geometry
because in topology, two shapes are the same if you
can bend or morph one into another without cutting it.


Poincare Conjecture
Perelman solved it in 2002.



HILBERT


KURT GODEL
Austrian
Incompleteness Theorem
"Godel proved that within any logical system for mathematics
there will be statements about numbers which are true
but which you cannot prove.


He starts with the statements,
"This statements cannot be proved."

Now, such statements must be either true or false.
Hold on to your logical hats
as we explore the possibilities.

If the statements is false, that
means the statement could be proved,
which means it would be true, and
that's a contradiction.
So that means, the statements must be true.

In other words, here is a
mathematical statement that is true
but can't be proved.


"All around him, mathematicians and scientists
were fleeing the Nazi regime until it was only Hilbert left
to witness the destruction of one of the greatest mathematical centres of all time.


"Many of the brightest European mathematicians
were fleeing the Nazis for America.
People like Hermann Weyl: theoretical physics.
John Von Neumann: game theory, one of the poineers of computer science.


PAUL COHEN
"From a very early age,
Paul Cohen was winning mathematical competitions and prizes


WOMEN MATHEMATICIANS:
In the story of maths,
nearly all truly great mathematicians have been men.
But there have been a few exceptions.

There was the Russian SOFIA KOVALEVSKAYA.
who became the first female professor of mathematics in Stockholm in 1889.
And then
EMMY NOETHER, a talented algebraist who fled from Nazis
to America but hten died before fully realised her potential.
Then there is the woman... JULIA ROBINSON,
the frist woman ever to be elected president of the
American Mathematical Society.

Robinson Hypothesis


EVARISTE GALOIS
"Galois believed that mathematics shouldn't be the study of number and shape,
but the study of structure."


NICOLAS BOURBAKI

ALEXANDRE GROTHENDIECK
"Grothendieck produced a new powerful language to see structures in a new way."


"'There's now a million dollars for anyone who can solve teh Riemann hypothesis.
But there's more at stake than that.'
Anybody who proves this theorem will be remembered forever."

_________________________________

Story of Maths:3- The Frontiers of Space

THE STORY OF MATHS
Part.3
THE FRONTIERS OF SPACE

http://www.open2.net/storyofmaths/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Maths

http://stagevu.com/video/eciywjphrmap
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1926910/


EXCERPTS:

The Frontiers of Space


DESCARTES

Descartes was born in 1596, a sickly child who lost
his mother when very young, so he was allowed to stay in bed every
morning until 11:00am, a practice he tried to continue all his life.


Descartes was in fact a mercenary,
He fought for the German Protestants, the French Catholics
and anyone else who would pay him.

He was very much concerned about
his image. He was entirely
self-convinced that he was right,
also when he was wrong and his first
reaction would be that the other one was
stupid that hadn't understood it.


FERMEAT


ISAAC NEWTON
Calculus

Newton himself decided not to publish,
but just to circulate his thoughts among friends.

He preferred to think about theology
and alchemy rather than mathematics.



GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ
Binary Numbers


EULER


JOSEPH FOURIER
French
"MP3 technology is based on Fourier analysis."


Prince of Mathematics
CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS
German


HUMBOLDT


RIEMANN
Multi-dimensional theories.
Hyper-space
__________________________

Story of Maths:2-The Genius of the East

THE STORY OF MATHS
Part.2
THE GENIUS OF THE EAST

http://www.open2.net/storyofmaths/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Maths

http://stagevu.com/video/kxgbdlgmlvlh
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1926910/


EXCERPTS:


THE GENIUS OF THE EAST

[China, India, Muslim, Italy]


CHINA
Chinese used Decimal Place Value system.
units, tens, hundreds, thousands ...

Ancient Chinese didn't have a concept of Zero.
It didn't exist as a number.


Odd numbers are seen as male, even numbers as female.
The number 4 is to be avoided at all costs,
number 8 brings good fortune.


In 1809, while analyzing a rock called Pallas in the asteroid belt,
Carl Friedrich Gauss,
who would become known as the prince of mathematics,
rediscovered this method
which had been formulated in ancient China centuries earlier.
Once again, ancient China streets ahead of Europe.


By the 13th century,
Golden Age of Math in Chinese
Important mathematician: Qin Jiushao
He came up with squared and cubic equations/formulas

"What's striking is that Qin's method for solving equations
wasn't discovered in the West until the 17the century,
when Isaac Newton came up with a very similar approximation method."


INDIA
India used Decimal Value System
"It's been suggested that the indian's learned the system
from Chinese merchants travelling in India with their counting rods."

Indians refined and perfected it,
creating the ancestors for teh nine numerals used across the world today.

But there was one number missing.
and it was the INDIANS who would introduce it to the world.
The earliest known recording of this number dates from the 9th century,
though it was probably in practical use for centuries before.
ZERO.


Before the Indians invented it
There was no number zero.
To the ancient Greeks, it simply hadn't existed.
To the Egyptians, the Mesopotamian, and as we've seen, the Chinese,
zero had been in use but as a placeholder, an empty space
to show a zero inside a number.

The Indians transformed zero from a mere placehoder
into a number that made sense in its own right -
a number for calculation, for investigation.


NEGATIVE NUMBERS
"The Indians called them 'debts' because they solved equations like,
"if i have three batches of material and take four away,
haw many have i left?"
"

TRIGONOMETRY
"Although first developed by the ancient Greeks,
it was in the hands of the Indian mathematicians
that the subject truly flourished."


When the moon is half full,
 because that's when it's directly opposite the sun,
So the Sun, Moon and Earth create a right-angled triangle.
Now, the indian could measure
that the angle between the Sun and the observatory
was one-seventh (1/7) of a degree.
The Sine function of 1/7 of a degree gives me the ratio
of 400:1.
This means the sun is 400 times further from Earth than the moon is.

So using trigonometry,
the Indian mathematicians could explore the solar system
without ever having to leave the surface of the Earth.


Pi is the ratio of the circle's circumference to its diameter.
any measurements involving curves soon require pi.

It was in 6th century India that the
mathematician Aryabhata gave a very accurate approximation for pi
- namely 3.1416.

I was taught at university that this formula for pi
was discovered by the 17th-century German mathematician Leibniz,
but amazingly, it was actually discovered here in Kerala.
two centuries earliest by Madhava.


It seems incredible that the Indians made these discoveries
centuries before Western mathematicians.
And it says a lot about our attitude in the West to
non-Western cultures
that we nearly always claim their discoveries as our own.


As the West came into contact more and more with the East,
during the 18th and 19th centuries,
there was a widespread dismissal and denigration.
of the cultures they were colonizing.
The natives, it was assumed couldn't have anything
of intellectual worth to offer the West.
it's only now, at the beginning of the 21st century,
that history is being rewritten.


Muslims Maths
In the 7th century, a new empire began to spread
across the Middle East.
The teachings of the Prophet Mohammad inspired a vast
and powerful Islamic empire which soon stretch from India in the east
to here in Morocco in the West.


The Muslim scholars collected and translated many ancient texts
effectively saving them for posterity.
In fact, without their intervention, we may never have known
about the ancient cultures of Egypt, Babylon, Greece and India.

But the scholars at the House of Wisdom weren't content
simply with translating other people's mathematics.
They wanted to create a mathematics of their own,
to push the subject forward.


In fact, the need of Islam demanded mathematical skill,
The devout needed to calculate the time of prayer
and the direction of Mecca to pray towards.


Mohammad al-Khwarizimi

These numbers were now known Hindu-Arabic numerals
These numbers - one to nine and zero.
We use today all over the world.

But Al-Khwarizmi was to create a whole nw mathematical language.
ALGEBRA.
it was named after the title of his book al-Jabr w'al-Muqabala
or Calculation By Restoration Or Reduction.


Previously, the Indians and the Chinese
had considered very specific problems,
but al-Khwarizmi went from the specific to the general.


PERSIAN MATHEMATICIAN

OMAR KHAYAM
Poet = Mathematician , Rubaiyat
Cubic Equations.



ITALY

During the centuries in which China, India, and teh Islamic empire
had been in ascendant,
Europe had fallen under the shadow of the Dark Ages.

But by the 13th century, things were beginning to change.

Led by Italy, Europe was starting to explore and trade with East.
With that contact came the spread of Eastern knowledge to the West.

 
That mathematician was Leondardo of Pisa, better known as Fibonacci.
and in his Book of Calculating,
Fibonacci promoted the new number system (Hindu-Arabic numerals)
demonstrating how simple it was compared to the Roman numerals.


The city of Florence even banned them in 1299 (Hindu-Arabic numerals),
but over time, common sense prevailed,
the new system spread through Europe,
and the old Roman system slowly became defunct.



FIBONACCI NUMBER [1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 ...]
The Fibnonacci numbers are nature's favorite numbers.
It's not just rabbits that use them.
You count the number of petals on a flowr is invariably a Fibonacci number.
You find these numbers running up and down pineapples if you count the segments.
Even snails use them to grow their shells.
Wherever you find growth in nature, you find the Fibonacci numbers.


Next breakthrough in Europe wouldn't happen until 16th century.


TARTAGLIA
Facial scar and stammerer
cubic equations

It was the first great mathematical breakthrough to happen in modern Europe.

It was time for the Western world
to start writing its own mathematical stories
in the language of East.

_____________________________

Story of Maths: Language of the Universe

THE STORY OF MATHS
Part. 1
LANGUAGE OF THE UNIVERSE

http://www.open2.net/storyofmaths/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Maths

StageVU All 4 parts
http://stagevu.com/video/exzysozqjnvr
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1926910/
EXCERPTS:

LANGUAGE OF THE UNIVERSE

[Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece]

EGYPT
The Egyptians were using a decimal system,
motivated by the 10 fingers on our hands.
But they were using Hieroglyphs Sympbols for that.
The sign for one was a stroke,
10 - a heel bone, 100 - a coil of rope
and 1000 a Lotus plant...

The hieroglyphs are beautiful, ...
But they had no concept of a place value (in hieroglype)
If you want to write million minus 1
then the poor old Egyptian scirbe has got to wirte
9 strokes (9), 9 heel bones (9x10), 9 coil of rope (9x1000), and so on,
a totla of 54 characters. (to repsesnt 999,999)


FRACTIONS

Each part of the (Horus) eye represented a differen fraction.


GOLDEN RATIO
Two lenghts are in the golden ratio,
if the relationship of the longest
to the shrotest is the same as the sum of the two to the longest side.


PYTHAGORAS RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLE
"It would be some 2000 years before the Greeks and Pythagoras
would prove that all right=angled triangles shared certain properties.


BABYLONIAN
18th Century BC.

"Intriguingly, they weren't using powers of 10,
like the Egyptians, they were using powors of 60.

They used the 12 knuckles in one hand,
and 5 fingers on the other hand to be able to count.


Babylonians invention of ZERO.
[They wrote nohting, left blank space, when they need a zero.]

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS.

BOARD GAMES
"They Babylonians and their descendants have been playing
 a version of backgammon for over 5000 years.


PLIMPTON 322

"Firstly itmeans the Babylonians knew somethign of Pythogora's teorem
1000 years before Pythagoras.


GREEKS, 330BC
"By 330 BC, the Greeks had advanced their imperial reach into old Mesopotamia."


"Proof is what gives mathematics its strength."

"Pythagors is a controversial figure.
Because he left no mathematical writings,
many have questioned whether he indeed solved any of the theorems attributed to him."


Hippasus invented a new species of number:
Irrational number.


ACADEMY:
Plato founded this school in Athens in 387 BC.

"Indeed, the importance of Plato attached to geometry is encapsulated
in the sign that was mounted above the Academy,
"Let on-one ignorat of geometry enter here.'"


PLATONIC SOLIDS:
"Plato proposed that the universe could be crystallised into
FIVE regular symmetrical shape.
These shapes, which we now call the Platonic solids,
were composed of regular polygons, assmbled to create
three-dimensional symmetrical objects.

The TETRAHEDRON represneted FIRE.
The ICOSAHEDRON, made from 20 triangles, repsented WATER.
The Stable CUBE was EARTH.
The Eight-Faced OCTAHEDODRON was AIR.

And the fift Platoics Sold, the DEDECAHEDRON,
made out of 12 pentagons, was reserved for the shape
that captured Plato's view of the Universe.


EUCLID,
300 BC, THE ELEMENTS.
Euclidian Geometry.


ARCHEMIDES
polygons, solds, gravity, spiral.
Catapults.
Pi.


Archimedes was contemplating a problem about circles traced in the sand.
When a Roman soldier accosted him,
Archimedes was so engrossed in his problem that he insisted that he be allowed to finnish his theorem.
But the Roman soldier was not interested in Archimedes' problem and killed him on the spot.
Even in deat, Archimedes' devotion to mathematics was unwavering.


HYPATIA
[movie Agora]
"She was, in fact, a brilliant teacher and theorist.

_____________________________

The Universe: Dark Future of the Sun

The Universe : DARK FUTURE OF THE SUN
History Channel
Season. 5 Episode. 8 (Final)

http://www.history.com/shows/the-universe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Universe_%28TV_series%29


EXCERPTS:
Dark Future of the Sun

"Over 1 million Earths can easily fit inside this gargantuan ball
of bubbling gas."


93 million miles away from Eath.


Core Temp. 30 million degrees Fahrenheit.


Here, H nuclei combine to form He nuclei.
This process called fusion
gives off radiant energy.


The Sun is actually White star, not yellow.


Our Sun will continue to churn out energy
over its entire lifetime,
which is estimated to be around 12 billion years.
(Sun is now 4.5 billion years old)


In one billion years
our star's luminosity
will be 10% greater
and the temperature of our planet
will be 100 degrees hotter.



GLOBAL WARMING
"The moisture in the air
is very good at trapping
infrared radiation or heat.
And so it's sort of like
putting a blanket on the Earth.
Now, here is the bad part.
As the Earth warms up,
the oceans evaporate even more,
which trap more heat
and so teh Earth warms up more.
And the Earth warms up more, again,
we trap more heat, and the effect run away.
This is what we call
The Greenhouse Effect.


Venus is 30% closer to the Sun than Earth is.
But its temp is more than 800.


When Sun is 10 billin years old,
it'll run out of hydrogen in its core.
Its the beginnig of the end of our sun,
and it'll not die peacfully.

Average star like our sun
will spend final 2 billion years of its life as a Red Giant.


Earth's future is uncertain
becaust it lies on the borderline
between being engulfed and surviving.


At the Lawrence Livmore National Labortary
in northern California,
Scientists are taking on
the challenge by attempting to create
a MINIATURE MAN-MADE STAR.


When the sun eventually cools off so much,
you won't even be able to see it with you eyes.
And so that's why some people call it a Black Dwarf
or a Dark Star.
It'll just be invisible, sitting there in space nearly forever.
__________________________

The Universe: Total Eclipse

The Universe : TOTAL ECLIPSE
History Channel
Season. 5 Episode.7

http://www.history.com/shows/the-universe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Universe_%28TV_series%29


EXCERPTS:
TOTAL ECLIPSE

"Total eclipse of the Sun
can be seen somewhere on Earth
an average of once every 16 months.


PENUMBRA
UMBRA


Only planets without eclipses
are Mercury and Venus
because they have no moons.


Eclipse on here on Earth are no other.
Cosmic Proportions
The Sun is about 400 times bigger than moon
But the sun also happens to be about 400 times farther away
from the Earth than the moon.
What that means is that
both the Sun and the Moon appear to be
almost exactly the same size in the sky.
Their sizes in the sky is crucial for eclipses.


EINSTEIN G. RELATIVITY
CURVE IN SPACE
"In 1915, Einstein published his predictions
that gravity causes space to curve,
and the light from stars would bend following that curve.

So if there were a star close to the Sun in the sky,
Its light would be bent by the Sun's gravity (curve).

The only way to test Einstein's prediction
was during an eclipse,
when the sun was darkened.
and the nearby stars were visible.

Eddington knew the accurate position of a star
that should have been blocked by the Sun
But if the Sun's gravity bent the star's light,
as Einstein said,
It would be seen in a different position altogether.


SOLAR CORONA
Without the occurance of total solar eclipses
It's really questionable today whether we actually even know
that the Sun had a corona -
an outer, hot, tenous atmosphere.


CHRONOGRAPHS
for Artificial Eclipses


KEPLER spacecraft
"In the beginning
In January 2010
the Kepler team announced
the discovery of the mission's
first five planets.
Four are gas giants like Jupiter, (Kepler 5b, Kepler 6b, Kepler 7b, Kepler 8b,)
the fifth the size of Neptune, (Kepler 4b)
Kepler saw their transit many times in first week,
it means they orbit their stars in a matter of days,
eclipsing their stars each time.

It means they are 10 times closer than the Mercury to our Sun.


Kepler is going to determine (in next 6 years)
if Earth-like planets
are common or rare,
and the answer either way
is going to be very interesting.
______________________

The Universe: Asteroid Attack

The Universe : ASTEROID ATTACK
History Channel
Season. 5 Episode. 6

http://www.history.com/shows/the-universe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Universe_%28TV_series%29


EXCERPTS:

ASTEROID ATTACK

APOPHIS,
will pass close by 2029,
if it hits the KEYHOLE,
a region in space of one mile wide
then it will hit Earth in 2036.


Apohis was discovered in 2004.
1 in 250,000, possibility to impact on Earth.


Objects that are one km or 2/3 of a mile in diameter or larger,
we think there's about 940 of those, and we've discovered 86% of the population.
If you move to smaller objects,
say 100 meters and larger,
we think there's about 50,000
of those and we've discovered 10%.
And if you move to smaller still objects, 30 meter
and larger-sized objects we think there's about
2 million of those objects and we've discovered much less than 1%.


Now, down here, we've got a basketball-sized rock.
On average, about two of these slam into the Earth's atmosphere
EVERY SINGLE DAY.
Next is the small car-sized object.
This happens about ONCE EVERY TWO WEEKS.
But even something this big is probably gonna burn up completely
before reaching the Earth's surface.

For a typical object hitting the Earth's atmosphere,
it needs to be at least 100 feet in diameter.


But according to recently uncovered fossil records,
the-one-mile-wide Chesapeake bay asteroid
didn't seem to have the same globar effects as the
massive extinctions triggered by the
6-mile asteroid that killed the dinosaurs.


2001, NASA's "NEAR" landed asteroid Eros.
"The NEAR spacecraft even transmitted information back to Earth
for about two weeks while on the surface.
But it has lost its radio link with teh Earth.
and so now, it's simply sitting there, mute for million of years."

"The asteroid explorer Hayabusa, of the
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
recently one-upped NEAR.
It's the first spacecraft to ever land on an asteroid
and then return to earth.
It arrived in June 2010 after a four billion mile round trip.


DAWN
DAWN will arrive at 3200-mile-wide Vesta in 2011,
orbit for a year, then reach 600-mile-wide Ceres in 2015.


Asteroids are trackable, because they are close (Near Earth Objects).
Comets come from farther space, and they are not visible until they are 6 months away from Earth. so we have little time to react.


WISE (Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer)
2009 launched
WISE has already found 25,000 asteroids and more than a dozen comets
that were too dark to find using visible light.

_________________________

The Universe: Secrets of the Space Probes

The Universe : SECRETS OF THE SPACE PROBES
History Channel
Season. 5 Episode. 5

http://www.history.com/shows/the-universe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Universe_%28TV_series%29


EXCERPTS:

On Dec. 14, 2009
a Delta II rocket delivered a small package into orbit
300 miles above the Earth
its called WISE.
And its creating the detailed infrared photograph
of the universe to date.

WISE's 4-million-pixel telescope
can only photograph infrared images
if the telescope is colder than the objects it searches for.


CASSINI

TITAN
Thick atmosphere
Hydrocarbons, methan, ethane...
Liquid Methane
Huygens Probe


"The history begins in the 1960s
with NASA's first attempts
to reach Earth's nearest neighbors.

"And our first six Rangers missed the Moon eniterely.
But we learned quickly."


1962, American probe, Mariner 2
is the first spacecraft to fly past Venus.

But in 1970, the first probe to land on the planet
isn't American, but Soviet.
The Venera


The Temp. is about 860 degrees F.
Boiling point is 212
and lead melts at a temp. slightly lower that 860.
so you'd have molten lead on the surface of Venus.


The technique is called Gravity Assist,
a virtual engine that harnesses the immense gravity
of planetary bodies
to assist a spacecraft on a planned trajectory.


THE ION ENGINE
for out of solar system.


Currently, the European Space Agency's Mars Express probe
holds the Earth-to-Mars speed title at six months

An Ion Engine could cut the travel time to Mars
down to just a mere few weeks.
Five weeks to Mars is only the beginning.


In 1995, in the Pegasus constellation,
just 50 light years from Earth,
scientists discovered the first true extrasolar planet,
51 Pegasi B


In the last decade or so
astronomers have been extremely lucky
to find 100s of planets around the other stars.

But the planets we've been finding are the large ones:
the Jupiters, the Saturns, some Neptunes.
We have not been able to find the Earth-like planets,
if they are out there.


Kepler mission
to find exoplanets
using 95-megapixel camera


Feb, 11, 2010,
A high tech solar probe arrives in space, locked and loaded.
its mission: watch the Sun, 24/7, in high definition color.
SDO


Scheduled for launch in 2015,
Solar Probe Plus will fly directly into the Sun's 2-million-degree corona
and survive.

Solar Probe Plus will get very close to the Sun,
within 8 or 9 solar radii from the Sun.
Now, for comparison, the Earth is 200 solar radii from the center of the Sun.

Solar corona: Though farther from the Sun's core,
it's actually hotter than the Sun's surface.

The Solar corona is very hot, millions of degrees of temp.
So you might think that if you were immersed in the corona,
you would get burned.
But there are so few particles
that the total amount of energy being transferred to a body
is less than the amount of energy being radiated.
SO, IN FACT, YOU WOULD FREEZE
if you were immersed in the solar corona.
as long as you had a good heat shield protecting you from the disk of the Sun.

_____________________________

The Universe: Time Travel

The Universe : TIME TRAVEL
History Channel
Season. 5 Episode. 4

http://www.history.com/shows/the-universe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Universe_%28TV_series%29


EXCERPTS:
TIME TRAVEL

"Time always go one way Forward.
Physicists call this Arrow of Time.

Cream mixes in the coffee,
it doesn't un-mix,
that's the arrow of time"


"All things in universe move
from ORDERLY STATES to
DISORDERLY STATS."


SPACETIME
"This means that whenever space warped,
so is time."


GRAND FATHER PARADOX.

"Physicists have come up with
at least 3 ways that nature might act
to prevent time travel paradoxes.
The first is simple: Nature prevents paradoxes
by making time travel into the past impossible.
In other words, it can't be done.


MULTIPLE UNIVERSES


You cannot change the past.

"We think that nature always somehow manages
to choose the solution that provides
self-consistency.
In other words,
You always get a solution
That does not produce a paradox."


"But we don't have to worry about about paradoxes
when we travel forward.
Taking the arrow of time into the future.


"The faster you move in space
time for you slows down
as compared to people standing still." -Einstein

Its proven by experiments.
The effect is called Time Dilation.


Russian cosmonaut,
Sergei Krikalev has logged
more than 803 days in orbit,
traveling 17,000 miles an hour,
making him the world's record holder
in time travel.

He is a 50th of a second slower
in the amount of time that has passed for him
compared to everyone else who's stayed on Earth.


To move 500 years into the future [Earth Time = 500 years]
You'd have to move at 99.99% of the speed of light for 7 years. [Space time = 7 years]

There no law of physics that says you can't go close
to the speed of light,
but your rocketship becomes hevier and heavier
as you go closer and closer to light speed.
So you require more and more fuel
to accelerate you smaller and smaller amounts,
and you need MORE THAN INFINITE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
TO ACTUALLY BREAK THE BARRIER OF LIGHT-SPEED.


Einstein's theory of relativity
says high gravity
also slows down your clock.


The Large Hadron Collider
is the largest, most complicated machine
ever created by humankind.

The Collider went operational
in Nov 2009,
And as scientists ramped up the power
the energy in its collisions
was increased almost tenfold
by March 2010,
And it will double that sometimes after
2013.


Today's theories of Space, Time, Gravity and Quantum Physics
are still incomplete.
And tools like LHC will help fill in the ever puzzling blanks.


WARP DRIVE
If we can expand at will,
we may be able to propel
a warp ship.
We make space Expand behind the ship
and make it Contract in front.
The wave of warped space
moves through the universe
FASTER THAN LIGHT,
while inside the so called warp bubble,
the ship is a passenger,
never violating Einsteins rule
against exceeding the speed of ligth.

________________________