THE UNIVERSESeason 4 History ChannelEXCERPTS: ________________________________________
Episode 1 - DEATH STARSDEATH STAR
WR104
Constellation Sagitarius
8000 light years.
When the death star called WR104
finally explode,
it has the potential to unleash deadly gamma-ray-burst (GRB)
directly at Earth.
Its believed the star is roughly 8000 light years away from us.
Further examinations suggest
the rotation axis of the dust bloom
appears to match to the rotatin axis of Wolf Ray Star (WR104) itself.
Means the Earth is staring directly down the barrel of a gun.
That means that if this star becomes the gamma ray burst when it blows up
one of the two gets will be pointing towards us.
The beautiful spiral of WRA104 is suddenly a messanger of doom.
The flash we would see, if WR104 went off, be much brighter than the sun.
This Death Star is ticking time bomb.
Scientist know it for sure it will go for supernova.
Stars are primarily made of Hydrogen and Helium,
but heavier more complex elements are created
every time a star explodes.
Elements like Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen
then they become the raw material
for the next generation of stars.
So a star born today has a more heavy elements
also known as higher metalicity
than the star born earlier in the history of universe.
Gamma-Ray-Burst emitting by two colliding neutron stars
may be short, but its powerful,
equal to the energy release by sun over its entire lifetime in less than 2 seconds.
The worry for us
at least two dozen of pairs orbiting neutron stars exist in the Milky Way.
I think we are safe from the danger of the normal supernovae.
In the case of gamma ray bursts, we are not so sure.
-ALEX FILIPPENKO
Star Eta Carina
supermasive star,
100 times bigger and million times more luminous than the sun.
We think its goint to turn into black hole sometime between now and next million years.
Unlike the WR104 Eta Carina does not have its cross ears.
We know the rotation of Eta Carina is not pointed to Earth.
When it happens the explosion will likely be
the brightest supernova ever witnessed by mankind.
BETELGEUSE
Located in the Orion constellation
500 light years away.
20 times the mass of the sun.
People have been noticing that the Betelgeuse
had been changing a lot over the last decades.
Its actually shrunk considerably about 15%.
Death Stars take life but it also the origin of life.
- LISA KEWLEY
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Episode 2 - THE DAY THE MOON WAS GONEMost critically,
The collision knocks the Earth
onto its current axial tilt
of 23.5 degrees.
And speeds up its rotation
from eight hours
to just five hours.
Within a year, the moon forms
roughly 14,000 miles away from Earth.
Significantly closer than its current distance
of 234,000 miles.
Without the moon
... In particular, humans might well never have come into existence.
Even though today's earth
is stabilized by the moon,
there is still a wobble
to the earth's rotation
known as Precession.
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Episode 3 - IT FELL FROM SPACE When the asteroids hit the Earth's atmosphere
they become meteors - bright fire balls in the sky,
if they make it to the groud they're called meteorites.
Only 170 impact craters are still visible on Earth.
65 million years ago, an asteroid the sie of mount Everest,
stuck the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.
with the energy of 100 million megaton bomb.
It created a 100 mile wide crater under water,
that was finally discovered in the 1980s.
13,000 years ago, the climate changed suddenly and rapidly and dramatically,
It looks like there are some type of extraterrestrial event
whether it was a large meteorite and asteroid or comet
exploring in the atmosphere.
(suddenly disappearing of mega mammels)
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Episode 4 - BIGGEST BLASTS The largest bomb ever exploded on Earth
was 50 megatons.
10. Chicxulub Impact
Mexico Yucatan Peninsula
65 million years ago.
asteroid, size of mount Everest.
9. Maritian Impact
200 times larger than Yucatan Peninsula asteroid.
1200 miles wide. size of pluto
3.9 billion years ago.
8. The Big Splat
aka. Giant Impactor Theory
4.6 billion years ago.
Theia -- got in earth core
Earth's matter produced Moon.
7. Planets collide
size Earth and Venus
300 light-years away.
BD+20-3-07,
constellation Aries.
6. Megnetars Flares
"Megnetars are repidly spinning neutron stars
which forms when stars several times larger than our sun
begin to die and collapse upon themselves.
"and one megnetar flare in particular
was strong enogh to blind satellites orbiting earth
from 50,000 light-years away."
Blast in 2004, Known as SGR-1806-20.
Constellation Sagittarius.
It was the brightest blast ever seen from the object
outside our solar system, and yet, it was 50000 light years away.
5. The 100 Million Years Blast
2.6 billion light years away.
Super massive black hole.
MSA 735,
4. Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
2005, binary neutron stars.
GRB-050509b,
2.2 billion light-years away.
3. Supernova
SN 2005-AP,
4.7 billion light years away.
2. Long Gamma Ray Bursts
2008
scientists detect strongest gamma ray burst on recored.
GRB 080916c.
it lasted 23 minutes.
1. Bing Bang
Went Whoosh!
it just expanded so quickly,
doubled in size many times over a very very short interval of time.
This incredible inflationary exponential stat of expansion
lasted only a tiny fraction of a second,
a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a second.
1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
it expanded so quickly, that it was the faster of light.
Thats ok, that doesn't violate the Einstein's Theory of Relativity.
Space itself can expand faster than the speed of light.
No particle can travel through space faster than the speed of light.
But space itself can and does expand faster than the speed of light.
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Episode 5 - THE HUNT FOR RINGED PLANETS The four outer planets in our solar system
are all encircle by rings.
some dazzling, Saturn
some dusty/smoky, Jupiter
some remarkably faint, Uranus
some half (arch type), Neptune
Sun has Rings
Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt
Our planet has a new ring
it is only 50 years old,
Its not made of dust or icy rocks,
But metals and silicon.
ITS A RING OF SATELLITES.
Comprised some 400 satellites. (year 2010)
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Episode 6 - 10 WAYS TO DESTROY THE EARTH 10 Ways to Destroy the Earth
10. SMACKDOWN FROM SPACE
The Dino Dooming asteroid was little bigger than the Mount Everest.
"We need something atleast half the size of Earth, and one tenth its massive,
heading for us at 30m/sec." to doom the Earth.
Lets try Mars
"But Earth is so big, 6 billion trillion tons of rock and metal, that even a direct collision of Mars, will leave the planet itself damaged but essentially intacted."
We need destroying the Earth something bigger, like our sister planet Venus
Mercury had elliptical orbit.
such changes in mercury orbit can also indirectly effect the orbit of other planets.
and particular mars can take on a trajactory that could someday intersect the Earth.
9. THE BIG FREEZE
(moving away from the Sun)
8. THE BIG BURN
(moving close to Sun)
temp. 900 degrees F. (480 degrees C)
7. STOPPING THE SPIN
"The Earth is moving about the 1000 miles/hour,
and if you suddently stop, the atmosphere wouldn't necessarily stop with it,
and instantaly you have a 1000 miles hour wind everywhen on the planet at once.
... rocks and buildings melting ... day half a year long and night half a year long.
6. TORN BETWEEN TWO BLACK HOLES
5. DEVOURED FROM WITHIN
miniature blackhole, of mass of Earth, size half inch.
4. TURN OFF THE GRAVITY
"Human bodies will remain intacted, because they are held together by electromagnetic forces, not gravity. but everybody on earth will fly up, to suffocate in space."
sun galaxies planets everything will be drifting apart.
3. ANTI-MATTER ANNIHILATION
"basically this is Einstein's E=mc2 in action,
you take this matter and antimatter and combine together,
and release pure energy.
just one pound of antimatter annihilating one pound of matter
,
would pack 44 megaton of explosive punch. as much force as thermo nuclear bomb.
To destroy the Earth you need 100 trillion tons of antimatter.
Solar flares produce about 1kg of anti-matter.
"when enough magnetic energy, builds up the nuclear furnace of the sun,
it release and explosive solar flare, a big flare can generate as much as 2 pound of antimatter.
2. TRANSFORMED BY STRANGE MATTER
up, down, strange quarks
"even when you look at subatomic level
just at the nucleus, there is a well defined structure,
we can tell a protons and neutrons etectra,
but if you lost that structure, then matter will lost the shape that we know of.
1. WHEN PARALLEL WORLDS COLLIDE
It'll not be the end of earth or sun only, it'll be end of galaxies, universe.
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Episode 7 - THE SEARCH FOR COSMIC CLUSTERS If the NEBULAS are stellar nurseries for cosmos
then the CLUSTERS are thier grade schools.
ARCHES CLUSTER
25 thousand light years from Earth.
100 light years from the Milky Way core.
But we didn't know
Up until few years ago,
How masive star could actually be,
what we saw in the arches
is the collection of MANY MANY low massive stars,
not so many may be hundreds of medium size stars,
and then a dozen or so very massive stars with 130 times massive than sun in them,
beyond that its nothing. Its like falling off a cliff.
If stars is more massive than about 130 solar masses can form and live then there would be no any Arches.
So apparently nature place a limit on maximum massive star it is probably somewhere between 130 and 150 solar masses.
These students need to work
300 years non stop
to do what
a super computer can do
in one second.
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Episode 8 - SPACE WARS Because satellites are already essential to fight wars on Earth.
America in particular is extremely dependent on space.
Our Military cannot operate the way it does today
without satellites.
We use it for communication, navigation, intelligence gathering about all kinds,
whether it is photo intelligence, whether it is signal intelligence,
lot of its done by satellites.
Even ground maneuvers required GPS satellites.
Since 2007, China and the US have proven
they are capable of destroying satellites in low-earth orbit with missiles.
If we were start losing satellites,
What would happen to daily life.
Suddenly ATM machines don't work,
Many cellphones don't work,
(Pay It the Pumps) Petrol pumps don't work,
Financial transactions all over the world use GPS timing signal, all of the sudden disrupted.
So the whole world slows down.
ATOMIC BOMB IN SPACE
EMP (electromagnetic pulse)
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Episode 9 - LIQUID UNIVERSE Liquids only make up a tiny fraction of all matter.
Most universe consists of gas... or solid.
Only in certain specila locations
where temperatures and pressures are just right
do you get liquids.
TITAN's LIQUID
In Solid
molecules are not moving around very much.
They are not allowed to move much at all.
In Gas
atoms or molecules move faster, far from one another.
But in Liquid
atoms or molecules are somewhat constrained
by their neighbours.
They might pass eachother up a little bit.
But they tend to flow together.
When sheep are in a flock,
kind of constrained
by the herders and flowing along
from one place to another,
that can be thought of as a liquid.
They can pass eachother up a little bit,
but they're basically not wandering too far away
from their neares neighbours.
They are all going together, they are all going with the flow,
So to speak.
"The Earth has N and O and the Titan has N and CH4.
so the Nitrogen (atomic no "7", mass 14) is the dominant gas in the atmosphere."
Titan is our sister world.
Oxygen would be a dangerous explosive gas on Titan,
because its surrounded by methane.
The same way that methane is a dangerous explosive gas
on Earth, becuase we're surrounded by oxgen.
Season is 7 years long at Titan.
4 seasons at Titan take 30 years.
JUPITER's LIQUID
So when you take the glass of water into space.
Its not the temperature
its the low pressure
that allows all the molecules
to fly away.
And the turn the glass of water into a gas.
The reverse occures (in high pressre) as in Jupiter.
H turns into liquid.
Inside Jupiters liquid hyrdogen ocean
it's over 17,000 degress,
hotter than the surface of the sun.
NEUTRON STAR
SUPER FLUID
BROWN DWARS
IRON RAIN
BROWN DWARS (failed stars)
These objects are so hot that brown dwarf clouds ...
are made of gaseous IRON VAPORS.
In the interous of brown dwarf
where pressure is are sufficiently high
the gaseous iron can condense into a liquid
and can actually RAINED DOWN,
as LIQUID DROPLETS OF IRON.
Fortunately we don't have iron rain here on earth,
But if we were to have it, it wouldn't be pleasant at all.
GLIESE 581 D
water or gas ?! jury is out.
Solid Water - ICE-7
Ice-1: that one that you and me are actually used to.
The difference between anything like ice-1,
2,3,4,5,6,7,
we think it goes to 10,
but it couldn't go any further
is actually the pressure.
EUROPA (Jupiter's Moon)
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Epidosde 10 - PULSARS AND QUASARS Pulsars, Megnetars, Quasars, Blazzars, Neutron Stars, Blackholes
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Episode 11 - SCIENCE FICTION, SCIENCE FACT TRANSPORTER
"The amount of energy required to turn a human into pure energy
would be far more than in the most powerful nuclear weapons,
that humans have ever made.
The process itself would be destructive.
To convert someone of my size entirely to energy.
would be the equivalent 41 times the energy release
of the largest nuclear weapon
ever exploded on planet earth.
Keven Grazier
"If you're gonna say that
you're disassembled atom by atom,
converted into an energy stream,
and resembled to someplace else.
I don't see how that's anything
other than KILLING you
and RESURRECTING you.
"The informating created
by a scan of just one person
would generate billions of terabytes.
One person would take roughly terabyte drives'
worth of storage to fill 500 million
Empire state buildings.
Einstein called it:
"Spooky Action At a Distance."
This is about the single freakiest thing
to come out of quantum mechanics.
There's no way for the informationg to travel
from the one particle to the other.
You can separte them by so much that even the speed of light
doesn't allow the information to get from one point
to the other when you make the measurement.
BLACK HOLES
THE END OF EARTH
TERRAFORMING
SHIPS TO THE STARS
"Only light - Photons with no mass -
can go at the speed of light.
But anything that hass mass
would require an infinite amount of energy
to get going that fast.
It can't be done, Its impossible."
WARP DRIVE
A scientist named, Miguel Alcubierre came up
with a theoretical notin
for a warp drive
that would involve
EXPANDING SPACE behind your starship
and CONTRACTING it in front of your starship.
Ion Drives
CALLING OUT
ALIEN INVASIONS
"... And we understand that fairly well.
What would broadcast our existence to the rest of the universe
is our radio emissions.
And we've really been broadcasting in any reasonable amount
since about the 1920s.
So that means that our emissions, which radiate outwards
at the speed of light, have reached about 90 light-years.
So we have a sphere of 90 light years of radius
of planets and stars, civilizations that could detect us.
That's noty very bit, our galaxy is 100,000 light years
from end to end. so if there were hundreds, thousands of civilizations out there,
it might be that only one or two have been able to detect us in the time of broadcasting.
Frank Drake, launched the SETI program.
FUTURE WEAPONS
TIME TRAVEL
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Episode 12 - EXTREME ENERGY Extreme Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed,
it can only be transformed from one type to another.
Everything in our universe is energy.
You're energy, Trees are enrgy, the dirt is energy
and even the empty space b/w the stars is energy.
All energy ultimately comes from the Big Bang.
When two cars crash, they get energy from motion,
mothin get energy from fuel, fuel gets energy from plants life,
plants get energy from sun, sun get energy from nucelar reactions (fusion),
"those nuclear reactions get thier energy from the particles that were created
at the time of big bang."
Transformation is the key to how energy works.
The universe is filled with many forms of energy.
Light, Sound, Thermal, and Chemical.
Most common among them is Potential Energy, and Kinetic Energy.
Even the human body is a fine-tuned,
energy-tranforming machine.
[eat food (energy), work burns it]
E=mc2
Einstein came up with a way
to explain that everything in this univers is energy.
Matter is energy.
If you weigh, say, 100 kg,
that's your mass.
and if you take that and
multiply that by the speed of light
and then multiply that by the speed of light.
Then you get the amount of energy
that exist within your body.
Actually about a thousand times more energy
is in your body than there was
in the larget nuclear weapon detonated by mankind.
POWER
"The objects may have the same amount of energy
but that does not mean they have the same amount of power.
The key ingrediant is how quickly the energy is released."
Power is equal to energy per unit time.
... this cupcake, would have the equivalend energy
of about a million tons of TNT.
We all know that the cupcakes don't spontaneously explode
and emit a million tons of TNT.
If i eat a cupcake, it only gives about 200 calories of energy
OVER SEVERAL HOURS.
Whereas if i have a stick of dynamite.
That same amount of energy would be released in
say, A MILLIONTH OF A SECOND.
So the TNT has much more power even though it has the same amount of energy."
Nuclear Fusion within stars
like our sun then produces
a form of energy called
Electromagnetic radiation.
These are oscillating waves of photons.
or particles of light.
On Earth and in space,
Electromagnetic radiation
consists of a spectrum of energy.
On the low end are radio waves with low frequencies and very long wave lengths,
on the high end of the electromagnetic spectrum
are gammarasy with high frequencies and extremely short wavelengths.
Radio - Microwave - Infrared - Visible - Ultraviolet - X-ray - Gamma-ray
Each photon of electromagnetic radiation
takes upto 150,000 years
to actual get from the center of the sun
to the surface,
before it cane escape and head towards earth.
Gammarasy, xrays and ultravioled is blocked by Earth's atmosphere,
but it allows visible light and infrared and radio waves.
"Light and infrared energies are absorbed by landmasses and oceans
and then converted to heat energy."
Non-renewable energy
burning fossil fuels,
we don't mean that energy
is gone form the universe.
what we mean is that that energy source
has been transformed into a form
that's no longer useful,
like waste heat.
Supernovas are one of the most explosive transformers of energy
in space.
However, 99% of the energy released during a supernova
is converted into strage ghostly particles, not visible, called neutrinos.
Neutrinos are nearly mass-less energetic particles
that move at almost the speed of light
and pass through matter virtually undisturbed.
Every second, more than 50 trillion solar neutrinos
pass through the human body, withous us knowing it.
Detecting the Neutrions
Hida, Japan, 3000 feet underground,
Super-K Observatory, massive stainless steel tank
containing ultra-pure water.
Only 3% of sun's energy in the form of neutrinos
Massive Black Holes = 10 billion Stars, packed in very tine space.
Cosmic Rays
coming out of space all the time, collide with atmosphere.
These cosmic rays could cut off your cell phone conversations.
they can effect electronics.
Geo-Thermal energy
Ring-of-fine, tectoic plate
which circles the Pacific Ocean
Wind Energy
"the universe is accelarating apar, it's not only expanding, but it's actually accelerating."
DARK ENERGY,
75% of universe.
... with time,
there's more and more dark energy in the universe.
Thus, accelerating, speeding up its expansion.
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